Human position refers to a position of a human body The human body is the entire structure of a human organism, and consists of a head, neck, torso, two arms and two legs. By the time the human reaches adulthood, the body consists of close to 50 trillion cells, the basic unit of life. These cells are organised biologically to eventually form the whole body.
There are several synonyms that refer to the human position, often used interchangeably, but having specific flavors.[1]
- position is a general term for a configuration of the human body
- posture means the intentionally or habitually assumed position
- pose implies artistic or aesthetic intention of the position
- attitude refers to postures assumed for purpose of imitation, intentional or not, as well as in some standard collocations Within the area of corpus linguistics, collocation defines a sequence of words or terms that co-occur more often than would be expected by chance. The term is often used in the same sense as linguistic government in reference to some distinguished types of posture: "Freud Sigmund Freud , born Sigismund Schlomo Freud (6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939), was a Jewish Austrian neurologist who founded the psychoanalytic school of psychiatry. Freud is best known for his theories of the unconscious mind and the defense mechanism of repression, and for creating the clinical practice of psychoanalysis for treating never assumed a fencer Fencing, also called modern fencing to disambiguate it from styles of historical fencing, is a family of combat sports using bladed weapons's attitude, yet almost all took him for a swordsman."[2]
- bearing refers to the manner, of the posture, as well as of gestures A gesture is a form of non-verbal communication in which visible bodily actions communicate particular messages, either in place of speech or together and in parallel with spoken words. Gestures include movement of the hands, face, or other parts of the body. Gestures differ from physical non-verbal communication that does not communicate specific and other aspects of the conduct
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Types of human positions
While not moving, a human can be in one of the following main positions, distinguished by the type of support.
Standing
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Although quiet standing appears to be static, modern instrumentation shows it to be a process of rocking from the ankle In human anatomy, the ankle joint is formed where the foot and the leg meet. The ankle, or talocrural joint, is a synovial hinge joint that connects the distal ends of the tibia and fibula in the lower limb with the proximal end of the talus bone in the foot. The articulation between the tibia and the talus bears more weight than between the in the sagittal Standard anatomical terms of location are employed in science which deal with the anatomy of animals to avoid ambiguities which might otherwise arise. They are not language-specific, and thus require no translation. They are universal terms that may be readily understood by zoologists who speak any language plane. The sway of quiet standing is often likened to the motion of an inverted pendulum. [3] There are many mechanisms in the body that are suggested to control this movement, e.g. a spring action in muscles, higher control from the nervous system or core muscles.
Although standing per se isn't dangerous, there are pathologies associated with it. One short term condition is orthostatic hypotension, and long term conditions are sore feet, stiff legs and low back pain.
Sitting
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Sitting Sitting is a rest position supported by the buttocks or thighs where the torso is more or less upright. There are several ways for humans to sit requires a more or less horizontal structure, like a chair A chair is a stable, raised surface used to sit on, commonly for use by one person. Chairs often have the seat raised above floor level, supported by four legs. However, a chair can have three legs or could have a different shape depending on the criteria of the chair specifications. A chair without a back or arm rests is a stool, or when raised or the ground. Special ways of sitting are with the legs horizontal, and in an inclined seat. While on a chair the shins are usually vertical, on the ground the shins may be crossed in the lotus position The lotus position (Devanāgarī: पद्मासन; IAST: padmāsana; Turkish: bağdaş ;Japanese: kekka fuza ) is a cross-legged sitting posture originating in meditative practices of ancient India, in which the feet are placed on the opposing thighs. It is an established posture of the Hindu Yoga tradition. The position is said to resemble or be placed horizontally under the thigh in a seiza Seiza is the Japanese term for the traditional formal way of sitting in Japan.
Squatting
This is intermediate between standing and sitting, a posture with both feet flat on the ground but with knees and hips fully flexed so that the buttocks are near the heels. It may be used as a posture for resting or working at ground level when the ground is too dirty to sit or kneel; for defecation Defecation is the final act of digestion by which organisms eliminate solid, semisolid or liquid waste material from the digestive tract via the anus. Waves of muscular contraction known as peristalsis in the walls of the colon move fecal matter through the digestive tract towards the rectum. Undigested food may also be expelled this way; this (the normal such posture in the many parts of the world that use squat toilets A squat toilet is a toilet used by squatting, rather than sitting. There are several types of squat toilets, but they all consist essentially of a hole in the ground. The only exception is a "pedestal" squat toilet, which is the same height as a standard flush toilet. It is also possible to squat over standard Western pedestal toilets,); or as a temporary position during lower body squat In strength training, the squat is an exercise that trains primarily the muscles of the thighs, hips and buttocks, as well as strengthening the bones, ligaments and insertion of the tendons throughout the lower body. Squats are considered a vital exercise for increasing the strength and size of the legs and buttocks. Although the squat has long exercises.
Lying
Main article: Lying (position) A lying womanWhen in lying position, the body may assume a great variety of shapes and positions. The following are the basic recognized positions.
- Supine The supine position is a position of the body: lying down with the face up, as opposed to the prone position, which is face down, sometimes with the hands behind the head or neck. When used in surgical procedures, it allows access to the peritoneal, thoracic and pericardial regions; as well as the head, neck and extremities: lying on the back with the face up.
- Prone The word prone, meaning "naturally inclined to something, apt, liable,", is recorded in English since 1382; the meaning "lying face-down" is first recorded in 1578 but is also referred to as "lying down" or "going prone": lying (or laying) on the chest with the face down ("lying down", "laying down", or "going prone"). See also "Prostration Prostration is the placement of the body in a reverentially or submissively prone position. Major world religions employ prostration either as an act of submissiveness to God or gods, or as a means of embodying reverence for a noble person, persons or doctrine. Within various cultures and traditions, prostrations are similarly used to show respect".
Lying on either side, with the body straight or bent/curled forward or backward. The fetal position is lying or sitting curled, with limbs close to the torso and the head close to the knees.
Kneeling
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Kneeling Kneeling is a human position in which the weight is distributed on the knees and feet on a surface close to horizontal is standing not on the feet, but on one or both knees or shins approximately parallel to the ground, possibly raised to an angle depending on the position of the feet. The torso is usually upright but can be considered kneeling at other angles not touching the ground.
Hanging
Humans can hang in various positions. "Hanging" means a position when the support is above the center of gravity The center of mass or mass center is the mean location of all the mass in a system. In the case of a rigid body, the position of the center of mass is fixed in relation to the body. In the case of a loose distribution of masses in free space, such as shot from a shotgun or the planets of the solar system, the position of the center of mass is a. Hanging may be both voluntary and involuntary.
Atypical positions
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Atypical positions include standing on the arms, standing on the head, being "on all fours", the crab position and more. Such positions are common to break dancing B-boying, also known as breaking and commonly referred to as breakdancing, is a style of dance that was created and developed as part of hip-hop culture among African Americans, and later on Latino American youths in New York City.:125, 141, 153 Breaking includes four primary moves: toprock, downrock, power moves and freezes/suicides. It is danced, gymnastics Gymnastics is an activity involving performance of exercises requiring physical strength, flexibility, agility, co-ordination, balance, and grace. Internationally, all of the gymnastic sports are governed by the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique with each country having its own national governing body affiliated to FIG. Competitive and yoga Yoga refers to traditional physical and mental disciplines originating in India. The word is associated with meditative practices in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. Within Hinduism, it also refers to one of the six orthodox (āstika) schools of Hindu philosophy, and to the goal towards which that school directs its practices. In Jainism, yoga is.
See also
- Abnormal posturing Abnormal posturing is an involuntary flexion or extension of the arms and legs, indicating severe brain injury. It occurs when one set of muscles becomes incapacitated while the opposing set is not, and an external stimulus such as pain causes the working set of muscles to contract. In competitive sport competition, the Fencing Response is forearm
- Alexander Technique The Alexander technique is an educational discipline with therapeutic effects. It teaches how to get free of self-imposed limitations that were accidentally learned while training a skill or answering a priority. Students study the perceptions behind physical movement coordination, including the abstract psychological principles of innovation,
- Contortionism Contortion is an unusual form of physical display which involves the dramatic bending and flexing of the human body. Contortion is often part of acrobatics and circus acts. In general, contortionists have unusual natural flexibility, which is then enhanced through gymnastic training
- Dance position
- Egoscue Method
- Ergonomics Ergonomics is the science of designing jobs, equipment and workplaces to fit workers. Proper ergonomic design is necessary to prevent repetitive strain injuries, which can develop over time and can lead to long-term disability
- Feldenkrais Method The Feldenkrais Method is an educational system centered on movement, aiming to expand and refine the use of the self through awareness. It is intended for those who wish to improve their movement repertoire , as well as those wishing to reduce pain or limitations in movement, and many who want to improve their general well-being and personal
- Gait (human) Human gait is the way locomotion is achieved using human limbs. Different gaits are characterized by differences in limb movement patterns, overall velocity, forces, kinetic and potential energy cycles, and changes in the contact with the surface
- Kohnstamm's phenomenon
- Mitzvah Technique
- Motor control
- Neutral spine Webster's New World Medical Dictionary defines "neutral posture" as the stance which is attained "when the joints are not bent and the spine is aligned and not twisted." In this position, a person is able to completely and optimally attain balance and proportion of his or her body mass and framework, based on his or her
- Positional asphyxia Positional asphyxia, is also known as postural asphyxia, is a form of asphyxia which occurs when someone's position prevents them from breathing adequately. A small but significant number of people die suddenly and without apparent reason during restraint by police, prison officers and health care staff. Positional asphyxia may be a factor in some
- Postural Integration
- Rolfing 'Rolfing® Structural Integration' is the trademarked name for the system of Structural Integration soft tissue manipulation founded by Ida Pauline Rolf in the 1950s. The terms Rolfing® and Rolfer™ are trademarks of The Rolf Institute® of Structural Integration
- Terrestrial locomotion in animals Terrestrial locomotion has evolved as animals adapted from aquatic to terrestrial environments. Locomotion on land raises different problems than that on water, with reduced friction being replaced by the effects of gravity
- Yoga Yoga refers to traditional physical and mental disciplines originating in India. The word is associated with meditative practices in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. Within Hinduism, it also refers to one of the six orthodox (āstika) schools of Hindu philosophy, and to the goal towards which that school directs its practices. In Jainism, yoga is
References
- ^ ["position." Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. 24 Oct. 2007. <Dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/position>.]
- ^ Fritz Wittels, "Freud and the Child Woman: The Memoirs of Fritz Wittels", SBN 0300064853, p.49
- ^ abstract Kinematic and kinetic validity of the inverted pendulum model in quiet standing
Categories: Human body positions
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